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Plaintiff-appellant Marcus Lee was a locomotive engine for defendant-appellee Kansas City Southern Railway Company until 2004, when he was fired. Engineers collaborate with conductors to transfer trains between railyards' tracks. They also communicate with dispatchers via radio to obtain clearance to enter the track. Lee was an engineer of African descent.

Interstitial Cystography

Interstitial cystitis/bladder-pain syndrome (IC/BPS) A chronic bladder condition, causes pain and pressure in the bladder. It can also cause lower urinary tract problems like an urgent and frequent need to go to the bathroom. These symptoms can last for more than 6 months and are not caused by an infection.

Many people with IC/BPS will have tiny red spots on their bladder walls. These are known as glomerulations. These spots are usually visible on an CT scan, however they can also be observed under general anesthesia, when the bladder is stretched with water (hydrodistention). This procedure is usually done by an urologist.

There is no way to prevent IC/BPS. However, treatment can reduce symptoms and improve your quality of living. Treatment is generally helpful in reducing symptoms, but they might not disappear completely. Most people with IC/BPS will need to receive ongoing treatment to control their symptoms and keep them from getting any worse. If your IC/BPS is very severe, your doctor may contemplate more invasive surgery in order to remove part or all of the bladder. This is referred to as an a cystectomy. Most people who have an effective cystectomy experience relief from their BPS/IC. The condition can flare up occasionally. However flare-ups of the condition can be managed with medications or less invasive treatments. Some people who have had successful cystectomy have reported improvement in their lower urinary symptoms.

Pulmonary Function Tests

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are a set of tests that demonstrate how well your lungs function. These tests measure lung volume, capacity, and flow rates. These tests will help your doctor identify your condition and determine the best course of treatment. The most commonly used pulmonary test is spirometry. It is a measure of how much air can be breathed in and out over the specified time. You'll be required to blow into a mouthpiece, which is connected to a machine referred to as a spirometer. The test compared your results to the expected normal values for your age, height and sex.

These tests also help determine how effective a breathing treatment is. They are often done before a stress test on stationary bikes or treadmills to see how well your heart, lungs and muscles respond to exercise. Diffusion studies are another test in the PFT category. They test how fast oxygen moves from your lungs to the bloodstream.

The tests are non-invasive and safe, however, you may be tired after the test. You must not eat or drink anything else than water for several hours before the test. It is recommended to inform your healthcare provider if smoke or are taking any prescription or over-the-counter medicines. You may be asked to provide any jewelry or clothing that is loose prior to the test.

X-Rays

X-rays are electromagnetic radiations that have extremely short wavelengths and kansas City southern railway copd high frequencies. They have been used for a number of years to diagnose and treat medical issues. Newer techniques, like single-frame tomosynthesis (SFXT), capture 30 images per second to provide real-time monitoring. This technique is more informative than traditional CT scans, and will help in the treatment of various diseases.

Diesel exhaust from track equipment, locomotives as well as construction and maintenance workers are frequently exposed to railroad workers. This can cause a wide range of cancers, pulmonary issues, and kansas city southern railway copd blood disorders. The majority of railroad employees were in poorly ventilated cabs and have been exposed to a myriad of chemicals in degreasers, solvents and lubricants as well as fuels. Unfortunately railroad companies have been unable to provide their workers with a safe work environment or to educate them about the dangers that come with diesel exposure.

Marcus Lee was a locomotive engineer for nine years prior to when he was fired by Kansas City Southern in September of 2004. Lee was a member of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, and he was fired because he had violated several company policies. The most serious offense for which Lee was fired was an incident that took place in the railyard in Shreveport, Louisiana. Lee was transferring his locomotive between tracks when the incident occurred. Lee was able to do this by working together with a conductor on the ground, who gave him directions. They then spoke to a dispatcher through radio, who would approve each movement.