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In this study, a large-scale population sample is used to investigate the connection between exposure to air pollution and COPD, as determined by spirometry. This is crucial because previous studies based on data from administrative health records utilized large sample sizes to identify under or overdiagnosis (13,14). The average annual PM2.5 concentrations in the CanCOLD group are far below those in capital cities.

What is COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder)?

COPD is a progressive condition which gets worse over time. It causes scarring of airways (fibrosis) and small air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. The walls between the air sacs become thick and swollen, making it harder to breathe. The lungs produce more mucus which can block airways and canadian pacific all cause coughing.

Exacerbations are a condition in which breathing becomes more difficult for those suffering from COPD. They may also experience fever, fatigue and loss of appetite. Smoking or infections can trigger an exacerbation.

A doctor can diagnose COPD through asking questions about symptoms, and then performing a physical examination. A stethoscope is a tool to listen to the lungs and detect wheezing or canadian pacific multiple myeloma breathing issues. Imaging tests, such as X-rays or a CT scan of the lungs, can reveal changes in the shape and size of the lungs. A blood test can be used to check oxygen levels in the blood. Other blood tests can be used to rule out any other problems such as a low red blood cells or high sodium levels.

Treatment may ease symptoms and help prevent complications. Inhalable sprays or powders are used to inhale drugs that dilate the airways (open them up) and reduce inflammation. These include drugs that are beta-2 agonists, anticholinergics, or methylxanthines. Inhaled steroids also work in reducing inflammation. Oxygen therapy by using masks or nebulizers can boost the oxygen level in the blood. A specialized treatment program called rehabilitation for the lungs can train patients to manage their symptoms.

Treatment

While there is no cure for COPD, its symptoms can be managed through medications, other therapies, and lifestyle changes. Early diagnosis and treatment is important to slow down the progression of the disease and improve health outcomes. COPD is a significant health-care burden in Canada and is a major canadian pacific Mesothelioma cause of morbidity and mortality. The Public Health Agency of Canada and provincial and territorial departments of health are able to provide mortality information through the Canadian pacific Mesothelioma Chronic Disease Surveillance System.

The prevalence of COPD varies based on age and gender and also among provinces and territories. COPD-related deaths are more prevalent in Maritime provinces as compared to British Columbia. This may be due to the lower rates of smoking in the Maritimes as well as differences in the manner in which the condition is identified and documented in various surveys and administrative databases.