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SECOND PARTLY ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTER THAT BECAME FULLY OPERATIONAL (the ABC of Atanasoff and Berry had never been finished). 1943-1946: ENIAC, Electronic Numeric Integrator Analyser and Computer, SECOND FULLY ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTER (of much bigger size than the ABC, the Z-3, the Z-4 or the Colossus I), by Presper Eckert in collaboration with John Mauchly (-1980) (Moore Engineering School, University of Pennsylvania), and in collaboration with John Von Neumann (1903-1957) (Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton, not to confuse with Max Newman). An historical court decision in 1972 recognised that this computer had at least been an inspiration for building some other computers. This theory was applied to the EDVAC in 1948 (renamed UNIVAC in 1951), to the EDSAC in 1949, and to many other computers afterwards. See year 1948 for another important theory written by him. Presented to the public in 1948. 1948: Norbert Wiener coins the term "Cybernetics" (from the Greek word "kybernos", meaning "control" or "controllable"), defined as "the Science of control and communication in animal or in machine". 1948: A Mathematical Theory of Communication, essay explaining how to apply the numbering base of two to computers, by Claude Shannon (Massachussetts Institute of Technology). 1941-1942: Ultra, electro-mechanic computer using numbering base of ten and magnetic relais, by Alan Mathison Turing in collaboration with Max Newman and others.

1948: BINAC, first computer using magnetic tapes (of big format), by John Mauchly in collaboration with Presper Eckert. 1948: Manchester Mark I (not to confuse with Harvard Mark I), electronic digital computer using numbering base of two, phosphor screens and perforated paper tapes, by Max Newman (not to confuse with John Von Neumann). FIRST COMPUTER USING STORED CODE (as opposed to programming by hardware connections). Electro-mechanic computers predominated from the 1930's to the early 1950's. They were programmed by hardware connections. 1936: On Computable Numbers, essay that develops the concept of stored programme (as opposed to programming by hardware connections), by Alan Mathison Turing (-1954) (Cambridge University). To this day many programmers continue using QuickBasic 4.0, precisely because of its increased programme capacity. Since that time some programmers use the term "bug" in reference to different kinds of unexpected programming errors. Ten Colossus I were built, all of them disassembled in 1946. 1944: the London Times uses the term "computer", in reference to machines capable of performing complex calculations or other intellectual operations.

1940-1942: ambitious project of an electronic digital computer using vacuum tubes and numbering base of two, by Konrad Zuse in collaboration with Helmut Schreyer. Claude Shannon greatly influenced further development of computers using numbering base of two, and definitely provoked the demise of the numbering base of ten for nearly all advanced computers. The ideas of Mister Shannon have been since 1937 applied to telephone switches. 1937-1940: Complex Number Calculator, electro-mechanic computer for adding, substracting, multiplying or dividing, using numbering base of two and magnetic relais, by George Stibitz (Bell Telephone), in collaboration with Samuel Williams. December 1947: solid state contact point transresistor, made of germanium, by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain (Bell Telephone). John Mc Carthy (Stanford University), presented the Lisp programming language and the Mc Carthy Test for measuring Artificial Intelligence (playing games, following conversation, receiving information or performing other activities through a terminal). This kind of computers are called "of first generation", which predominated from the 1940's to the 1950's. John Von Neumann developed between 1945 and 1950 the theory of logic circuits (also called "Von Neumann Architecture"), what is billiards in collaboration with Burks and Goldstine. 1936: essay explaining the application of Boolean Logic to electric circuits, by Claude Shannon (Massachussetts Institute of Technology).

About 1945: As We May Think, essay by Vannevar Bush (Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Director of the United States Office of Scientific Research and Development), describing a computer aided hyper text system that he named "Memex", able to find linked information and to insert easily new information by its different users. As a matter of the fact, this city was established with the formation of an educational institute - the University of Georgia. 1937-1943: Harvard Mark I, electro-mechanic computer using magnetic relais, perforated cardboard cards and numbering base of ten, operational in 1943 and presented to the public in 1944, by the group of Howard Aiken (Harvard University and International Business Machines), with support of the United States Navy. 1936-1938: Z-1, electro-mechanic computer using magnetic relais, keyboard for input and panel of lights for output, by Konrad Zuse. 1941: Z-3, partly electro-mechanic and partly electronic computer using magnetic relais and some vacuum tubes, of numbering base of two, by Konrad Zuse with Helmut Schreyer. If it had been finished, it would have become the first electronic digital computer.